Friday, July 24, 2020

An Overview of Workplace Bullying

An Overview of Workplace Bullying More in Stress Management Job Stress Workplace Bullying Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Workplace bullying, like school bullying, occurs when one person or a group of people intentionally inflict pain or harm on another person in the workplace. Because the effects of workplace bullying are vast and far-reaching, it can jeopardize the targeted person’s health, career, and even home life. And since a large number of bosses are bullies, many bullied employees suffer in silence. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal bullying, physical bullying, relational aggression, cyberbullying, sexual bullying and sexual harassment, and prejudicial bullying. But unlike school bullying, workplace bullies and office mean girls may form cliques and operate within the established rules and policies of their organization in both overt and covert ways. For instance, bullying may be couched in humiliating coaching practices or implemented as part of programs touted as being in the best interest of the employee. Or it can involve more overt bullying like berating, publicly humiliating, and ostracizing another person. Regardless of the tactics used, workplace bullies are usually skilled social manipulators who get ahead at work by bullying others. In fact, workplace bullies can be so adept at disguising their behavior that the intended target cannot  even spot it. Instead, they internalize the behavior and believe there is something defective in themselves. Why Employees Bully Each Another While there are a variety of reasons why bullies choose to target certain people, their behavior is usually driven by a need to control the targeted individual. Basically, these employees want to call all the shots and often insist on having things their way. If others do not  comply, they become targeted. Many times, these bullies have strong social skills and a lot of influence within the company. As a result, they use these attributes to dominate other people. Sometimes  workplace bullies target their co-workers out of envy. They feel threatened by the target’s strengths and accomplishments or insecure about their own abilities. As a result, employees are targeted because they are good workers and  get a lot of positive feedback or attention from others within the company. When this happens, the workplace bully wants it to stop. Their bullying tactics then become an attempt to reduce the targets recognition by turning others against them. The workplace bully also wants to ruin the victims reputation and cast a negative light on the person as a whole. Other times, workplace bullying occurs because the bully has poor impulse control. These employees are quick-tempered, may scream a lot, and sometimes even use profanity. These bullies are prone to hurling direct insults and negative comments. They also may dominate meetings with critical comments and sarcasm. Components of Workplace Bullying Most experts agree that what sets bullying apart from mean behavior is that bullies intend to harm their targets. This is done through: Power Imbalance: When there is an imbalance of power, it is hard for the target to defend themselves against the bully’s attacks. Sometimes there is a perceived power imbalance and other times the bully is the target’s boss or supervisor. Perceived power imbalances are harder to distinguish, but examples can include having more social standing at work, having a sharper tongue, or having more influence within the company. The consequences are that the target will feel isolated, alone, excluded, threatened, and vulnerable. Repetitive Actions: Most of the time, bullying does not consist of a single mean act or word. Instead, it is ongoing and systematic. In other words, workplace bullies have zeroed in on the target and lash out multiple times. Sometimes the bullying will consist of the same act over and over again, such as name-calling or berating. Other times, it will consist of a variety of actions, such as taking credit for the targets work, leaving them out of important meetings, sending rude emails, and spreading office gossip. The point is that people can be rude and say inappropriate things, but if it is a one-time incident, it doesn’t constitute bullying. The hallmark of workplace bullying is that the torment is consistent. Intentional Actions: Another aspect of workplace bullying is the intention of the bully to harm, control, or manipulate the target. Bullies deliberately target other people, undermining their self-esteem and their work. There is nothing accidental about their behavior. And the consequences are significant. Targets of workplace bullying can feel humiliated, ashamed, upset, anxious, and depressed. Some may even develop eating disorders, anxiety issues, or post-traumatic stress disorder. And a few even contemplate suicide. Impact of Workplace Bullying From overall health, mental state, and physical well-being to job performance and attendance at work, everything is impacted by workplace bullying. Even the victims home life is affected. Yet, many people do not talk about workplace bullying. In fact, workplace bullying  is often referred to as the silent epidemic. For many, workplace bullying is just too painful to discuss. Plus, there are very few laws in place to deal with it. Consequently, many victims often feel like nothing can be done to put an end to it. Other times, victims are too frightened to bring up the issue because they fear they might lose their jobs. Overall, the impact of workplace bullying is significant and can lead to anxiety, subpar job performance, absenteeism, and a general unhealthy work environment. In turn, all of this results in increased costs for businesses. Employers should take steps to develop bully-proof work environments, such as educating employees, implementing anti-bullying policies, and developing steps for reporting incidents. When they do this, the likelihood that bullying will occur lessens. But even the best prevention programs will not completely eradicate bullying. The key to effectively addressing workplace bullying is handling reports of bullying quickly and efficiently. This sends a clear message to employees that bullying in the workplace will not be tolerated. Unfortunately, many employers are reluctant to handle office bullying situations because they are not sure what to do. But if workplace bullying is left unaddressed, it will only escalate and eventually rob the business of both money and good employees. Employers who want to be successful in reducing the impact of bullying in the workplace will implement clear and concise disciplinary procedures and follow them when an incident occurs. Coping With Workplace Bullying The key to overcoming workplace bullying is to not allow the things that are said and done to you define who you are as a person. It is also important to take steps to report workplace bullying to a supervisor or to human resources. And if things are not resolved or continue to escalate, it may be time to consider looking for employment elsewhere. It is unrealistic to try to endure workplace bullying. Even the most resilient employees will be impacted. Instead, focus on making employment decisions that will benefit your emotional and physical health. And prioritize taking care of yourself. Once you do, you will be on the path to recovery. If you absolutely must keep your job or have no other options for employment, be sure you are diligent in taking care of yourself. Start by exercising and eating right. You should also take time for yourself when you are not working and make a commitment to do the things you enjoy. Look for healthy stress relievers. Focus on your goals and the things that make you happy rather than dwelling on the negativity you experience at work. If you know your limits and work to stay healthy, workplace bullying does not have to have a lingering impact on your life.

Friday, May 22, 2020

The World War One, By John Singer Sargent And The Poem,...

World War One, also known as the Great War, included millions of soldiers who fought for their country and the immense number of those who suffered death. How is it possible that a small conflict between two countries can spread out so quickly? The war started in 1914 after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand from Austria. The battles occurred mainly in Europe, but soon it became a global war, which involved many other countries from all over the world into the war. World War I lasted for over four years and looking back to previous wars, this particular war used effective weapons, such as airplanes, gases and machine guns. Chemical weapons were primarily used to injure the soldiers, the most effectively and widely used gas was mustard gas, which attacked the soldiers from the inside to the outside. The painting â€Å"Gassed† by John Singer Sargent and the poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen have both theme of representing the truth about the horrifying re al world of war: fear, death and comradeship. Sargent completed the oil painting â€Å"Gassed â€Å"throughout the First World War. The paintings background is that Sargent was hired to record the war during the 1919 through the British War Memorial Committee. The artist was best known for his portrait paintings, but during the World War I, his subject matter changed for his new project as a war painter. While the British government requested to paint an outlook to honor and show respect to the soldiers. As a result, the artist

Thursday, May 7, 2020

Essay Differences Between The Great Gatsby Movie And Movie

Undeniably, ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F. Scott Fitzgerald and its film adaptation, which is set in the 1920’s and follows the storyline of the narrator Nick Carraway after he moves to West Egg on Long Island, were both great successes, with the book becoming widely recognized as an American classic, and the film making a worldwide gross of about $351 million and winning two Oscars. Although the movie is a satisfactory adaption with a lot of the plot being similar, there are still some minor and major differences between the film and the book between characters and the emotional roots and connection the audience has to the story. Separately both versions of the story are very impressive and entertaining, but some of the differences make the†¦show more content†¦Gatsby will be very happy you’ve called.† This leads Gatsby to believe that Daisy has called him seconds before his death, and he dies thinking she had, in the end, chosen him. However, the audience knows that it was only Nick. This is a significant difference as in the adaptation, Gatsby dies a winner, believing false information, but in the book, Gatsby dies knowing that nobody called the telephone, perhaps fitting the tragic end of the story better. Despite there being a few differences in the plot, one thing from the movie was quite on par with the descriptions in the book; Gatsby’s parties. In the book, his parties were described as extravagant, with people from all around coming to Gatsby’s home (Fitzgerald 39). In the adaptation, we get this description, but even better, with visual aid. This is pretty interesting and entertaining for the audience as we can truly see what Fitzgerald envisioned and how the roaring 20’s really were. Despite a few differences, the plot didn’t deviate as much as other factors. While it’s understandable that some of the plot may be cut in a movie because of time and length, it’s less forgiva ble to not correctly depict the characters. Where the film adaptation does well on matching the appearance of the characters to the descriptions in the book, it lacks in correctly depicting the character’s personalities and depth. First of all, on a positive note, Nick, as a narrator, though he may not beShow MoreRelatedEmily Liddick. Mrs. Campbell. English 2. 23 April 2017.1203 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2017 Gatsby Analysis Essay Cinematic techniques are methods that authors use to convey specific pieces of information in a narrative. Some examples of this would be the angle shots, flashbacks, themes, symbols, etc. In both the movie and the novel of The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays multiple instances of these techniques. This not only enhances the effect that it has on the audience, but it also constructs similarities and differences between both the novel and the movie. For instanceRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : Movie vs. Book Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesEssay for The Great Gatsby The plot and the setting of book and movie are very similar. There was a lot of thins borrowed from the book, but there was a lot changed as well. The movie followed the plot of book very closely and portrayed the setting of the book very well. A lot of the dialogue was borrowed and spoken directly as it was in the book. The movie did an excellent job portraying the 1920’s and the parties that happened at Gatsby’s house. â€Å"There was music from my neighbor’s houseRead MoreThe Musical Score Of The 1974 Adaptation By Clayton And The 2013 Adaptation1414 Words   |  6 Pages Great Gatsby is broadly understood as an American classic novel that revolves around the twenties and highlights the issues on money,love and the American dream. The book itself has been adapted many times into films. In this essay I will compare the use of camera shots, set design and musical score of the 1974 adaptation by Clayton and the 2013 adaptation by Lurhmann. Upon having a quick look Lurhmann’s version is embellished with shots of lush production design and a grander visually lavish modernRead MoreThe Great Gatsby† – Comparison of the Novel and the Modern Movie Adaptation2708 Words   |  11 PagesButton† and „The Great Gatsby† which have been adapted into films. The Great Gatsby has been the basis for many movie adaptations of the same name in 1926, 1949, 1974, 2000, and the latest in 2013. 2. Baz Luhrmann Mark Anthony Baz Luhrmann (1962 - ) is an Australian film director, screenwriter and producer. He is best known for directing Strictly Ballroom, Romeo + Juliet, Moulin Rouge, Australia and the newest version of The Great Gatsby released in 2013. 3. „The Great Gatsby† – the plot ofRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald644 Words   |  3 PagesDaisy!† It is all Gatsby thinks about, doesn’t it get annoying? No, suck it up because the next 787 words are all about Daisy and her association with symbols, her use of symbols, and herself as a symbol. How’s that possible, she’s 100% human in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald? Don’t worry, the vacuous space upstairs will soon be filled. So, let’s dive in, like a dead â€Å"Gatsby† in a pool. Daisy and her association with symbols is... pointless to the structure of this essay. Nope, wrong againRead MoreOld Money Trumps New Money: Understand how Old Wealth Works1434 Words   |  6 PagesIn the film â€Å"The Great Gatsby† 1974, big wigs in the nineteen twenties that have collected their money over the course of their time, have always had an advantage over the poor, and people who are just beginning their wealthy-hood, and they keep their â€Å"property† well protected. In the beginning of the movie, where Nick Carraway sits with Tom Buchanan, a born wealthy man, who inherited his money from his family, the husband of Nick’s cousin; Daisy and a firm eugenicist. Tom tells Nick to read a bookRead More The American Dream in Of Mice and Men, The Great Gatsby, Two Kinds, and Sophistication1537 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Steinbeck, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Two Kinds writer by Amy Tan, and in â€Å"Sophistication† by Sherwood Anderso n. Working hard is the key to success. This struggle for success is most commonly called the â€Å"American Dream.† The aspect of the American Dream has been around forever and is often the underlying theme in many pieces of American literature. The theme of the American is especially presented in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott FitzgeraldRead MoreEssay on Comparison and Contrast in The Great Gatsby1769 Words   |  8 PagesComparison and Contrast in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚   The success of Francis Scott Key Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby is in part due to his successful characterization of the main characters through the comparison and contrast of Daisy Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, Tom Buchanan and George B. Wilson, and Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby. The contrast is achieved through two principle means: contrasting opposite qualities held by the characters and contrasting one characters posititve or negative qualitiesRead More The Economics of Pornography Essay1930 Words   |  8 Pages1984 when he was 23. Now president of the lucrative company, he discusses brand recognition and foreign licensing rights from his office nestled in the solid middle class community of Van Nuys, California. Steven sounds much like the young Hollywood movie executives not far from his inconspicuous studios ... until he starts listing some of his companys video credits: Ho-tel Pacifico, Lonestar Virgins #9, and Life on Beaver Ave. Steven Hirsch is a pornographer, and Vivid Videos is one of the threeRead More Mutual Respect Between Students and Teachers Essay2230 Words   |  9 PagesMutual Respect Between Students and Teachers The relationship between students and teachers should be one of mutual respect. Students should listen to the teacher and try their best in the class. Teachers, on the other hand need to do their best to give their students a quality education and respect them as individuals. There should be a set curriculum, but teachers need to be creative in how they teach what is required. California is considered one of the lowest in terms of education standards

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

How Much Influence Does the President Have over the Legislative Process Free Essays

How much influence does the President have over the legislative process? (15) Many powers that the President has, Congress will be able to check due to the checks and balances imposed by the Founding Fathers. The fact that the Government has separation of powers, it is hard to gain the agreement between the legislative branch and the executive branch which the President needs. One could argue that the president does have influence over the legislative process to an extent, but it is significantly restrained by the checks and balances put in place which the Founding Fathers imposed. We will write a custom essay sample on How Much Influence Does the President Have over the Legislative Process? or any similar topic only for you Order Now A key part of the legislative process is having a bill proposed. Whilst the President does have the power to do this, we must question how much influence he has over this. Congress has the power to amend, delay and even block the bills. The power to set the legislative agenda does not mean that the process will go according to plan. Even flagship legislation can fail, such as Congress defeating President Clinton’s flagship legislation which was intended to reform the health care system in 1994. Congress can also delay a bill through filibustering, which is where any senator/senators can talk for as long as they can on a bill (essentially talk a bill to death) unless 60 of 100 Senators vote to bring the debate to a close. A President may choose to veto a bill, which would exercise the Presidents influence. However, Congress could choose to override it, which then questions how much influence the President then has over the legislative process The president has some choices as to what to do with the bill before it is passed. The President could simply just sign it into law, which is what could happen if he wanted to take some credit for the bill and agree on it all. However, he could just leave the bill on his desk, which shows he would have very little influence on the process, and could indicate that he may know a veto would be overridden. Overall, the President does have some influence over the legislative process, however if he were to veto legislation, he could face criticism in the media and this could affect his popularity and therefore to an extent, the President has some influence over the legislative process. How to cite How Much Influence Does the President Have over the Legislative Process?, Papers

Monday, April 27, 2020

Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay Example For Students

Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper will include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who cant get over their depression sometimes do. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. Only accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many accidental deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. Suicide affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys commit suicide more often than girls do. We will write a custom essay on Teen Suicide (sociological) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It could be because its easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the rate among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white males, even though its still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is now considered a national mental health problem.The main two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was known by their doctors as having a mental illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern life are greater these days and competition for good grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even think its because there is more violence in the media. Lack of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous. They believe that their parents dont understand them and when they try to express their feelings they feel that their parents either denied or ignored the try to communicate feelings of unhappiness, frustration, or failure. Many children grow up in divorced households or both parents work and their families spend little time together. Even the threat of AIDS is a factor that contributes to higher suicide rate. Stressful life events, such as the loss of an important person or school failure, often encourages suicides. People who have worked with depressed teens see a common pattern of unhappiness, feelings of inner disturbance, chaos, low self-worth, hopelessness and anger. Suicidal teens generally feel that their emotions are played down, not taken seriously, or met with opposition by other people, but it should always be taken seriously. There are ways of watching for warning signs of a suicidal person and depression. Some noticeable things are talking about suicide, statements about hopelessness, helplessness, or worthlessness. They may have a obsession with death or suddenly become happier and calmer. They have a loss of interest in things they usually care about. They might stop visiting or calling people that they care about. They even start making arrangements or putting their affairs in order and give away their things. Teens should learn that with treatment, depression ends, but someone who is experiencing deep depression might not be able to think about that. .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 , .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .postImageUrl , .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 , .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97:hover , .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97:visited , .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97:active { border:0!important; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97:active , .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97 .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uccb82c2f839a9e87c840f3e29551db97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Crazy Horse Electric Game Essay They cant see the way out of the problem and think suicide is the only choice.There are 30,000 suicides that occur every year in the United States and the suicide survivors are the ones that are left majorly affected and ruined. The people that are mourning over a suicide victim describe feelings of shock, disbelief, sadness, guilt . Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay Example For Students Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper will include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who cant get over their depression sometimes do. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. Only accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many accidental deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. Suicide affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys commit suicide more often than girls do. We will write a custom essay on Teen Suicide (sociological) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It could be because its easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the rate among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white males, even though its still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is now considered a national mental health problem. The main two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was known by their doctors as having a mental illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern life are greater these days and competition for good grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even think its because there is more violence in the media. Lack of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous. They believe that their parents dont understand them and when they try to express their feelings they feel that their parents either denied or ignored the try to communicate feelings of unhappiness, frustration, or failure. Many children grow up in divorced households or both parents work and their families spend little time together. Even the threat of AIDS is a factor that contributes to higher suicide rate. Stressful life events, such as the loss of an important person or school failure, often encourages suicides. People who have worked with depressed teens see a common pattern of unhappiness, feelings of inner disturbance, chaos, low self-worth, hopelessness and anger. Suicidal teens generally feel that their emotions are played down, not taken seriously, or met with opposition by other people, but it should always be taken seriously. There are ways of watching for warning signs of a suicidal person and depression. Some noticeable things are talking about suicide, statements about hopelessness, helplessness, or worthlessness. They may have a obsession with death or suddenly become happier and calmer. They have a loss of interest in things they usually care about. They might stop visiting or calling people that they care about. They even start making arrangements or putting their affairs in order and give away their things. Teens should learn that with treatment, depression ends, but someone who is experiencing deep depression might not be able to think about that. .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f , .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .postImageUrl , .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f , .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f:hover , .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f:visited , .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f:active { border:0!important; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f:active , .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13908504bb54be22b1a146ec1b90914f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Known as the father of psychology, Freud develop Essay They cant see the way out of the problem and think suicide is the only choice. There are 30,000 suicides that occur every year in the United States and the suicide survivors are the ones that are left majorly affected and ruined. The people that are mourning over a suicide victim describe feelings of shock, disbelief, sadness, guilt . Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay Example For Students Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay Teen Suicide (sociological) The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper will include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who cant get over their depression sometimes do. We will write a custom essay on Teen Suicide (sociological) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. Only accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many accidental deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. Suicide affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys commit suicide more often than girls do. It could be because its easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the rate among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white males, even though its still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is now considered a national mental health problem. The main two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was known by their doctors as having a mental illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern life are greater these days and competition for good grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even think its because there is more violence in the media. Lack of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous. They believe that their parents dont understand them and when they try to express their feelings they feel that their parents either denied or ignored the try to communicate feelings of unhappiness, frustration, or failure. Many children grow up in divorced households or both parents work and their families spend little time together. Even the threat of AIDS is a factor that contributes to higher suicide rate. Stressful life events, such as the loss of an important person or school failure, often encourages suicides. People who have worked with depressed teens see a common pattern of unhappiness, feelings of inner disturbance, chaos, low self-worth, hopelessness and anger. Suicidal teens generally feel that their emotions are played down, not taken seriously, or met with opposition by other people, but it should always be taken seriously. There are ways of watching for warning signs of a suicidal person and depression. Some noticeable things are talking about suicide, statements about hopelessness, helplessness, or worthlessness. They may have a obsession with death or suddenly become happier and calmer. They have a loss of interest in things they usually care about. They might stop visiting or calling people that they care about. .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 , .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .postImageUrl , .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 , .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8:hover , .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8:visited , .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8:active { border:0!important; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8:active , .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8 .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9d079e70c4171e96faff8cb5b2ca7c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media Violence EssayThey even start making arrangements or putting their affairs in order and give away their things. Teens should learn that with treatment, depression ends, but someone who is experiencing deep depression might not be able to think about that. They cant see the way out of the problem and think suicide is the only choice. There are 30,000 suicides that occur every year in the United States and the suicide survivors are the ones that are left majorly affected and ruined. The people that are mourning over a suicide victim describe feelings of shock, disbelief, sadness, guilt and anger. They have episodes of crying, depression, apathy, anxiety, and sometimes thoughts of suicide themselves. Some survivors experience scary and disturbing images of death. . Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay Example For Students Teen Suicide (sociological) Essay The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper will include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who cant get over their depression sometimes do. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. Only accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many accidental deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. Suicide affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys commit suicide more often than girls do. We will write a custom essay on Teen Suicide (sociological) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It could be because its easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the rate among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white males, even though its still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is now considered a national mental health problem. The main two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was known by their doctors as having a mental illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern life are greater these days and competition for good grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even think its because there is more violence in the media. Lack of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous. They believe that their parents dont understand them and when they try to express their feelings they feel that their parents either denied or ignored the try to communicate feelings of unhappiness, frustration, or failure. Many children grow up in divorced households or both parents work and their families spend little time together. Even the threat of AIDS is a factor that contributes to higher suicide rate. Stressful life events, such as the loss of an important person or school failure, often encourages suicides. People who have worked with depressed teens see a common pattern of unhappiness, feelings of inner disturbance, chaos, low self-worth, hopelessness and anger. Suicidal teens generally feel that their emotions are played down, not taken seriously, or met with opposition by other people, but it should always be taken seriously. There are ways of watching for warning signs of a suicidal person and depression. Some noticeable things are talking about suicide, statements about hopelessness, helplessness, or worthlessness. They may have a obsession with death or suddenly become happier and calmer. They have a loss of interest in things they usually care about. They might stop visiting or calling people that they care about. They even start making arrangements or putting their affairs in order and give away their things. Teens should learn that with treatment, depression ends, but someone who is experiencing deep depression might not be able to think about that. .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 , .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .postImageUrl , .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 , .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225:hover , .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225:visited , .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225:active { border:0!important; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225:active , .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225 .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7fe60e4f89180648394c1f4f7f43225:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hurricane georges Essay They cant see the way out of the problem and think suicide is the only choice. There are 30,000 suicides that occur every year in the United States and the suicide survivors are the ones that are left majorly affected and ruined. The people that are mourning over a suicide victim describe feelings of shock, disbelief, sadness, guilt and anger. They .

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Free Essays on Famous Black Americans

Famous Black Americans During the month of February we focus our attention on famous black Americans as we celebrate black history month. When I think of them many come to mind. That makes it hard to choose just three from the powerful list. After reading several biographies the three that stuck out in my mind were Dred Scott, Harriet Tubman, Halle Berry. Dred Scott is known for suing for his freedom. According to the Missouri Compromise when his master traveled to Illinois (free state) for four years as an army surgeon, he brought Scott with him and Scott was suppose to be free. The court ruled that residence in a free state did not automatically make a slave free. In the meantime, Dr.Emerson (his master) died and his wife became Scott’s owner. She remarried abolitionist Calvin C. Chaffe of Massachusetts. He did not want to be known as a slave owner so Scott tried to bring his suit in federal court, out the Supreme Court decided against Scott because he was black and definitely not a citizen of Missouri. (his hometown) As set out by the Constitution, he had no rights in federal courts, temporary residence in a free state did not make a slave free and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This limited the power of congress to include slavery from any Northwest Territories that would subsequently apply for admission in the Union. The daughter of Harriet Greene and Benjamin Rass, who were not permitted to marry legally under the law s of slavery, Harriet Tubman lived a brutal childhood. She was often referred to as â€Å"stupid† and received standard whippings regarly. At 13 she was injured by her master, and as a result suffered from occasional blackouts for the rest of her life. At about age 25 she and her brothers planned an escape, but her brothers backed out at the last minute and left Tubman, not being able to read or write the leader of about 300 slaves escaping for freedom. Now she is referred to as the â€Å"conductor... Free Essays on Famous Black Americans Free Essays on Famous Black Americans Famous Black Americans During the month of February we focus our attention on famous black Americans as we celebrate black history month. When I think of them many come to mind. That makes it hard to choose just three from the powerful list. After reading several biographies the three that stuck out in my mind were Dred Scott, Harriet Tubman, Halle Berry. Dred Scott is known for suing for his freedom. According to the Missouri Compromise when his master traveled to Illinois (free state) for four years as an army surgeon, he brought Scott with him and Scott was suppose to be free. The court ruled that residence in a free state did not automatically make a slave free. In the meantime, Dr.Emerson (his master) died and his wife became Scott’s owner. She remarried abolitionist Calvin C. Chaffe of Massachusetts. He did not want to be known as a slave owner so Scott tried to bring his suit in federal court, out the Supreme Court decided against Scott because he was black and definitely not a citizen of Missouri. (his hometown) As set out by the Constitution, he had no rights in federal courts, temporary residence in a free state did not make a slave free and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This limited the power of congress to include slavery from any Northwest Territories that would subsequently apply for admission in the Union. The daughter of Harriet Greene and Benjamin Rass, who were not permitted to marry legally under the law s of slavery, Harriet Tubman lived a brutal childhood. She was often referred to as â€Å"stupid† and received standard whippings regarly. At 13 she was injured by her master, and as a result suffered from occasional blackouts for the rest of her life. At about age 25 she and her brothers planned an escape, but her brothers backed out at the last minute and left Tubman, not being able to read or write the leader of about 300 slaves escaping for freedom. Now she is referred to as the â€Å"conductor...

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Free sample - The Role of CIOs in Innovation. translation missing

The Role of CIOs in Innovation. The Role of CIOs in InnovationIntroduction The article â€Å"The Internet of Things: How CIOs Can Influence the Next Wave of Product Innovation† is a current article on technological issues in a company and it explains how technological advancement in internet is geared to revolutionize human life in a great deal and the role of CIOs in encouraging innovation through the use of internet and other form of communication. This article comprehensively analyzes technological development and innovation which CIO is putting forward to not only improve human life but also improve profitability in doing business. According to Nash, (2010,p.1), â€Å"By combining the capabilities of the Web, cloud computing, analytics and tiny intelligent sensors, CIOs can help create wholly new products and services connected to networks and to each other† The article stresses the role of CIOs are strategic and critical in driving technological innovation to the next level. This is because there role is much more of marking and data coll ection which are letter transformed into product innovation. CIOs role goes beyond keeping the light of IT on in accompany since it encompasses marketing role as well as research Nash, (2010,p.2). This paper takes a critical and a comprehensive analysis of the role of CIOs in influencing innovation in a company. In addition the paper examines the role of IT and internet in the process of globalization and business opportunities How CIOs can influence innovation ØÂ   Making new friends Networking is one the best way of making and keeping friend and since human being learn from each other, it is through this that CIOs get new concepts and can influence innovation. Interaction and meeting new friend present an opportunity of getting new ideas, technologies as which when adopted bring meaningful change in a company. ØÂ   Jumping right in the business CIOs should be out going individuals who initiate conversations and should never wait to be asked for such communication which can lead to innovations. This strategy is quite important since it saves time and provides faster adoption of new technologies in the market. ØÂ   Shaking the pillars It is the responsibility of CIOs to be ready for change at all times since this will actually improve on the need for innovation in a company. How to achieve innovation in IT ØÂ   Delay the RFP The innovation goal should be the core and integral factors in outsourcing for innovation and therefore RFP should be delayed for this goal to be achieved. ØÂ   Clearly define innovation According to Nash, (2010), â€Å"True innovation might mean continuous process improvement, emerging technology implementation, new best practices, IT transformation or competitive advantage. A clear definition of innovation is required so that the contract will reflect the appropriate financial and other terms associated with it†. In this regard, CIOs should carefully involve all the stakeholders and departmental team in defining the kind of innovation they require. ØÂ   Use outsourcers as consultants   This strategy will provide a great opportunity for the IT providers to improve their services which in turn lead to innovation in the field. ØÂ   Lock everyone in a room to brain storm Putting everyone in a room to brain storm on the best way to improve a given IT service provide all stakeholders with opportunity to think and come up with new concepts which in most cases result in innovations. ØÂ   Motivate the team in IT department Motivation is a powerful incentive to innovation and therefore CIOs should all the time work hard towards designing a motivational package to all the team he or she works with so as to keep innovation process on and active. Marketing concept which strive to build a company a round a profitable satisfaction of customer needs and demands is the most critical key which has helped many companies and different brands to develop in parts of the world. However, the success of these companies and brands is on the other hand pegged on well designed marketing strategies which not only ensures a high rate of product penetration but also ensure that the products compete highly in the market and the role of CIOs in this task is inevitable. Multi-channel retailing which can be improved by CIOs through several strategies   has been defined as the opportunity presented to the same customer to obtain the same product from the same retailer by multiple purchase channels According to Nicholson, Clarke and Blakemore (2002,p.45), this multi-channel marketing strategy attempts to foster the customer’s behavior to be multi-channel. Those companies that obtain part of their sales from two different channels can be classified as having adopted the multi-channel approach as contrasted with the ones whose entire sales volume is generated from the pursuit of a single channel (Nicholson, Clarke and Blakemore, 2002, p. 12)   Many customers use multiple channels during the purchase process such as research, during the purchase process and while obtaining services (Stone, Hobbs and Khaleeli, 2002, p. 74). In this regard, it has been advanced that where organizations decides to adopt a multi-channel strategy in communication and marketing, then attention needs to focus on whether all the channels will be offering similar services or products range and whether they will have all the functional areas. Of paramount importance here is the need to define the role that the various channels are intended to function and the associated interactions, as this helps in the identification and facilitation of both the use and preferences emphasis for the targeted segments. Several advantages of multi-channel strategies in search of innovation have been presented in literature. According to Lawson, (2001, p. 31), channels have different advantages depending on the type of interaction with the various customers. This point has been buttressed by Souza and Serrentino (2002,p.87) states that customers look for different channels depending on the kinds of products, the moment of purchase and the prevailing motivation. The researchers have broadly categorized these behaviors within three domains of retail emotion where the experience of purchasing performs a fundamental role, retail reason in which case price is the overriding factor of the purchase and finally, retail convenience. According to Lawson (2001,p.94), â€Å"the critical factors for the accomplishment of a multi-channel strategy encompasses the complete integration of the brand, product position, inventory forecast, price, logistics and the expectations of the customers.† As Lawson (2001, p.12) points out, the adoption of IT in marketing and information collection from the clients brings positive results such as increases in sales volumes, costs reductions and increased levels of operations. Integrated channels in the opinions of Stone et.al (2002, p.49) also affects positively brand loyalty and customer’s life time values and this is possible with appropriate technological innovation.   Conclusion CIOs role is quite significant for a wave of innovation in companies in this era of technological advancement. This is only possible when they are well equipped and ready to implement strategies which are geared towards innovation. This will go along way in making the companies competitive as well as drive economic development in a country and globally. Information Technology plays a pivotal role in the success of a company and the economy at large. Towards this it is prudent for CIOs to improve embrace change which are geared towards innovation as impetus to scaling up economies of scale in accompany. Works cited Keller, K.L (1993). Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity.Journal of Marketing, 57, 1-22. Kotlar, P. (2003). Marketing insights from A to Z: 80 concepts every manager needs to know. John Wiley and Sons Kotler, P. and Amstrong, P, (2007). Principles of Marketing. John Wiley and Sons Lawson, K. (2001). Commercials That Name Competing Brands.   Journal of Advertising Nash, K.S. (2010).The Internet of Things: How CIOs Can Influence the Next Wave of Product Innovation. Access on 18th Nov.2010 from www.cio.com Nicholson, J. Clarke, G. and Blakemore, Y. (2002). Going to market: Distribution Performance: The Role of Brand Loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65: 81-89. Souza, M.G., and Serrentino, A. (2002). Will the growth of multi-channel retailing Stone, M., Hobbs, M and Khaleeli, M. (2002). Multi-channel customer management: the  Ã‚   benefits and challenges. Journal of database management, 10 (1), 39-45.Systems for Industrial Products. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Zeithaml, K. (2002). Brand Loyalty Programs: Are They Shams? Marketing Science,24(2): 185-19